By the first decades of the 20th century, machines had become domesticated in the form of bicycles, sewing machines, radios, gramophones, vacuum cleaners, toasters, automobiles, electric lighting, while trams, elevated railways, seaport cranes and subway trains were part and parcel of everyday urban experience. Meanwhile, the change brought by Modernism in art was profound and unprecedented: across Europe and then the United States, artists sought radically new ways of making art that were a direct response to the changes in society wrought by industrial modernity and the machine. After World War I, the new aesthetic of the machine ranged from optimism to ambivalence.