M.sc in Economics and Business Administration from Bocconi University (magna cum laude) and M.sc in Law (J.D. equivalent) from the University of Pavia (magna cum laude). LL.M from the University of Cambridge. Ph.D. in International Law and Economics from Bocconi University (magna cum laude). Attorney-at-Law at the Milan Bar.

At Bocconi, I am a Faculty Member of the Ph.D. in Legal Studies, a Fellow at BAFFI CAREFIN (Centre for Applied Research on International Markets, Banking, Finance, and Regulation), a Research Fellow at the Institute for European Policymaking, and a member of the Bocconi Covid Crisis Lab. I am co-editor in chief of the Bocconi Legal Papers Research Series. I am also an Adjunct Professor of International Law at the City University of Hong Kong.

In 2021, the Italian National Scientific Committee unanimously declared me a Full Professor of International Law. In 2018, I was unanimously declared an Associate Professor of International Law.

In 2019, I was a Fulbright Grant Researcher at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University. From 2020-2021, I was a visiting professor at the School of Transnational Law at Peking University, and from 2022-2023, I was a visiting professor at the Singapore Management University, Yong Pung How School of Law. In July 2023, I was appointed External Ethics Advisor to the Ethics Committee of the Boards of Directors of the African Development Bank Group. In 2016-2017 and 2017-2018, I was a Visiting Scholar at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva.

Before joining Bocconi University, I was an Associate Lawyer at the Regulatory Department of Grande Stevens Law firm in Milan. Apart from my academic appointments, I have served the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as a Technical Assistance Specialist (2011-2013) and authored and co-authored reports commissioned by the Council of Europe, the European Commission, the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB), the World Bank, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Since 2011, I have participated in technical assistance programs led by the European Commission, the Council of Europe, the IMF, and the Inter-American Development Bank, with field missions in Greece, Vietnam, Panama, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Georgia. I was a member of the Italian delegation to the V Conference of State Parties of the United Nations Convention against Corruption.

Since May 2024, I am Lead Expert at the UNDP’s Global Programme, Governance for People and Planet (G4PP) –Compliance and effectiveness of global anti-corruption measures, norms and standards.

Publications (Citations: 886; H-Index:16; i10-index:23; G-Index:28)

BOOKS

1. Il Consiglio di Sicurezza e gli individui, (Giuffrè: Milan 2018), 510 pp. (Positively reviewed by Prof. Robert Kolb in 60(1) German Yearbook of International Law 2018, 585)
2. Corruption – Economic Analysis and International Law, (with M. Arnone), (Edward Elgar: Cheltenham/Northampton, MA, 2014), 585 pp. (Positively reviewed, among others, by Prof. Gabriella Venturini, in 94(1) Rivista di diritto internazionale (2015), 330; Prof. Gerry Ferguson in 28(1) European Journal of International Law (2017), 343, https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chx016.)

SPECIAL ISSUES/SYMPOSIA (EDITOR)

1. 25 Years since the Conclusion of the First International-Anticorruption Treaty: What Has Worked, What Has Not and the Ways Forward (with A. Peters), 22(2) International Constitutional Law Journal – ICON (2024), forthcoming.
2. The Resurgence of the State as an Economic Actor – International Trade Law and State Intervention in the Economy in the Covid Era, 24(1) German Law Journal (2023), https://germanlawjournal.com/volume-24-issue-1/

ARTICLES IN LAW JOURNALS (IN ENGLISH)

1. A Food Sustainable System the Future of Food Safety Governance in Globally Integrated Markets, (work in progress).
2. Global FATF-Based Financial Integrity Strategies on Track to Fail, (with T. Søreide; under finalization, being submitted to the Journal of International Economic Law).
3. The Politics of History and Economics in International Law, (being submitted to Leiden Journal of International Law)
4. On the EU Anti-Coercion Instrument: Regulation (EU) 2023/2675 and International Law, 107(4) Rivista di diritto internazionale (2024) forthcoming.
5. Three Decades of International Cooperation against Corruption, (with A. Peters), 22(2) International Constitutional Law Journal (2024) forthcoming.
6. Compliance Mechanisms as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Tool for the Evolution of the International Anti-Corruption Cooperation: A Data-Driven Study, 22(2) International Constitutional Law Journal (2024) forthcoming.
7. The Normative Development of Laws on Asset Preservation and Confiscation, (with C. Rose), 22(2) International Constitutional Law Journal, (2024) forthcoming.
8. Bank Melli Iran v. Telekom Deutschland, Case C-124/20 Court of Justice of the European Union (Grand Chamber), 118(1) American Journal of International Law (2024), 160–167.
9. Economic Interventionism and International Trade Law in the Covid Era, 24(1) German Law Journal (2023), 1–16.
10. Systemic Changes in the Politicization of the International Trade Relations and the Decline of the Multilateral Trading System (with G. Sacerdoti), 24(1) German Law Journal (2023), 17–44.
11. The Covid 19 Exogenous Shock and the Crafting of New Multilateral Trade Rules on Subsidies and State Enterprises in the Post-Pandemic World, 24(1) German Law Journal (2023), 72–101.
12. The UN Security Council Faces Organized Crime. Fact-Finding, Regulation and Enforcement Strategies, 20(4) Journal of International Criminal Justice (2022), 943–979.
13. Confronting Deglobalisation in the Multilateral Trading System, (with C.P. Braga, G. Sacerdoti et al.), 14(1) Trade Law & Development (2022), 385-422.
14. Organized Crime as A Collective Security Problem: Prospects and Challenges in UN Enforcement, (with S. Silingardi), 54(3) New York University Journal of International Law & Politics (2021-2022), 941-984.
15. Not Such a Retrospective: On the Implementation of the International Anti-corruption Obligations in Italy, 21(4) International Criminal Law Review (2021), 784-808.
16. The Security Council and Non-State Domestic Actors: Changes in Non-Forcible Measures between International Lawmaking and Peacebuilding, 61(3) Virginia Journal of International Law (2021), 489–552.
17. On Financial Nationalism and International Law. Sovereignty, Cooperation and Hard/Soft Governance in International Finance, 30(3) European Journal of International Law (2020), 1123-1155.
18. When the Leviathan Goes to the Market: A Critical Evaluation of the Rules Governing State-Owned Enterprises in Trade Agreements, 33(2) Leiden Journal of International Law (2020), 313-334.
19. The Legal Status of Decisions by Human Rights Treaty Bodies: Authoritative Interpretations or Mission Éducatrice? (with Luigi Crema), 19(1) Global Community Yearbook of International Law and Jurisprudence 2019 (Oxford University Press: 2020), 129-158.
20. International Contestability of Markets and the Visible Hand. Trade Regulation of State-owned Enterprises between Multilateral Impasse and New Free Trade Agreements, (with P. Clarke), 26(3) Columbia Journal of European Law (2019/20), 84-130.
21. A Crisis Looming in the Dark: Some Remarks on the Reform Proposals on Notifications and Transparency, (69) 3 Questions of International Law - ZOOM OUT - “In Clinical Isolation”. Is There a Meaningful Place for the World Trade Organization in the Future of International Economic Law? (2019), 83-111, at: http://www.qil-qdi.org/in-clinical-isolation-is-there-a-meaningful-place-for-the-world-trade-organization-in-the-future-of-international-economic-law/
22. Regulating Criminal Finance in the EU in the Light of the International Instruments, 36 (1) Yearbook of European Law 2017 (Oxford University Press: 2018), 553–598.
23. Climate Change and Trade: Challenges and Lingering Questions on the Relationship between Renewable Energy Subsidies and WTO Disciplines, (with F. Montanaro), 6(1-2) China EU-Journal (2018), 81-101.
24. Deepening International Systems of Subsidy Control in EU PTAs: A Comparative Analysis. Normative Rationales and Legal Implications, (with C. Dordi), 23(3) Columbia Journal of European Law (2016/17), 551-606.
    Awards: * “Leonardo Da Vinci” Medal 2019.  ** University Bocconi Legal Studies Award 2018.
25. Defining Elements and Emerging Legal Issues of ‘EU Sanctions’, (with S. Silingardi), XXVII, Italian Yearbook of International Law (2017), 33-52.
26. State Aid Control and Subsidies Regulation in EU Agreements: Substance, Procedure and Policy Space in the ‘New Generation’ EU FTAs, 16(1) The Global Community: Yearbook of International Law and Jurisprudence 2017, (Oxford University Press: 2017), 145-174.
27. The Evolution of the EU Law Against Criminal Finance: The ‘Hardening’ of FATF Standards within the EU (with F. Montanaro), 48(4) Georgetown Journal of International Law (2017), 1009-1062.
28. The North Korean Gauntlet, International Law, and the New Sanctions Imposed by the Security Council, XXVI Italian Yearbook of International Law (2016), 319-345.
29. The Achievements and Limits of Italian Anti-Corruption Legislation in Light of the International Legal Framework in XXV Italian Yearbook of International Law (2015), 275-298.
30. The Reform of the Fight against Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing: from the 2012 FATF Recommendations to the New EU Legislation, 29(3) Diritto del Commercio Internazionale (2015), 737-78.
31. Are Traditional Mechanisms of International Cooperation Effective in Combating Corruption? Three Case Examples, 28(4) Diritto del Commercio Internazionale (2014), 947-969.
32. International Asset Recovery: Origins, Evolution and Current Challenges, (with G. Nessi), 28(2), Diritto del Commercio Internazionale (2014), 377-415.
33. International Anti-Money Laundering Programs: Empirical Assessment and Issues of Criminal Regulation, (with M. Arnone), 3 (2), Journal of Money Laundering Control (2010), 226-271.
    Award: Highly Commended Award Winner by Emerald Literati Network Awards for Excellence 2011.
34. Methodological Issues of the “More Economic Approach” to Unilateral Exclusionary Conduct. Proposal of Analysis Starting from the Treatment of Retroactive Rebates, 5(2) European Competition Journal (2009), 409-449.
35. Legal and Economic Appraisal of the “More Economic Approach” to Unilateral Exclusionary Conduct: Regulation of Loyalty-Inducing Rebates (Case C-95/04P), 14 Yearbook of European Law 2008 (Oxford University Press, 2009), 446-518.
36. The Italian Antitrust Authority Finds No Abusive Conduct for Travel Facility Access and Accepts Commitments for Maintenance Area Access (NTV/RFI-Accesso al Nodo di Napoli) , 22 October 2009, Concurrences, n°30037, available at:  https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2009/The-Italian-Competition-Authority-29959
37. The British Airway Case: An Example of Systemic and Teleological Interpretation of Art. 82 ECT at the Dawn of a Crucial Moment for Competition Policy. (Case C-95/04P), 22(4) Diritto del Commercio Internazionale (2008), 551-586.
38. Issues of International Criminal Regulation of Money Laundering in the Context of Economic Globalization, 22(1) Diritto del commercio internazionale (2008), 37-110.

ARTICLES IN REFEREED LAW JOURNALS (IN FRENCH)

1. Le Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies et les entités non étatiques, (with R. Kolb), 125(1) Revue Générale de Droit International Public (2021), 23-54.

ARTICLES IN REFEREED LAW JOURNALS (IN ITALIAN)

1. L’espulsione della Federazione russa dal Consiglio d’Europa e le conseguenze giuridiche della cessazione della qualità di membro dell’organizzazione, 106(1) Rivista di diritto internazionale (2023), 37–77.
2. ‘Not Such a Retrospective’: Riflessioni sull’origine, sviluppo e conseguimenti della cooperazione internazionale anti-corruzione, 38(1) DPCE Online (2019), 180-215, at: http://www.dpceonline.it/index.php/dpceonline/article/view/649
3. Il valore delle pronunce del Comitato europeo dei diritti sociali ai fini dell’interpretazione della Carta sociale europea nel diritto internazionale, (with L. Crema), Forum di Quaderni Costituzionali. La normativa italiana sui licenziamenti: quale compatibilità con la Costituzione e la Carta sociale europea? (2018), 86-106, at: http://www.forumcostituzionale.it/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/atti-convegno-jobs-act.pdf
4. La “minaccia” nordcoreana e la risposta del Consiglio di sicurezza: impotenza o inefficacia?, 4/5 Quaderni di SIDIBlog (2017/2018) 200-210.
5. Soft law, soft organizations e regolamentazione ‘tecnica’ di problemi di sicurezza pubblica e integrità finanziaria, 100(2) Rivista di diritto internazionale (2017), 356-406.
6. Tutela della privacy e protezione dei dati personali a fronte della sicurezza pubblica e dell’integrità del sistema finanziario europeo, 11(1) Diritti umani e diritto internazionale (2017), 23-49.
7. Le disciplina delle State-owned enterprises nel diritto del commercio internazionale tra stallo degli accordi commerciali multilaterali e accordi preferenziali di nuova generazione, 31(4) Diritto del commercio internazionale (2017), 967-1004.
8. L’Unione Europea: attore ‘globale’ nella protezione e promozione dei diritti umani? Limiti e prospettive, 28(4) DPCE online (2016), 91-132, available at:  www.dpce.it/dpceonline2016-4/
9. Linee evolutive della normativa internazionale in materia di Asset Recovery, 26(4) Diritto del commercio internazionale (2012), 585-611.
10. Considerazioni sull’approccio evolutivo nell’attività interpretativa della Corte Internazionale di Giustizia nel Caso Costa Rica c Nicaragua, LXV (2) La Comunità Internazionale (2010), 283-292.
11. La lotta alla corruzione internazionale. Dall’ambito OCSE alla dimensione ONU (with P. Magrini), 21(1) Diritto del Commercio Internazionale (2007), 15-127.
12. La lotta alla corruzione internazionale: le Convenzioni dell’OCSE e delle Nazioni Unite, il caso Enel Power, la “tangentopoli” irachena, LX (1) La Comunità Internazionale (2005), 75-95.

ARTICLES IN COLLECTED VOLUMES (IN ENGLISH)

1. International Trade Law and SDGs in the Post-Pandemic World, in Andreas Ziegler & Xinyan Zhao (eds.) Edward Elgar Handbook on International Trade Law and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) (Edward Elgar, 2025), forthcoming.
2. Economic Analysis and International Law, in A. Carty (ed.) Oxford Bibliographies in International Law (Oxford University Press, 2024), forthcoming.
3. Money Laundering, Fight against, in A. Peters (ed.), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (Oxford University Press, 2024) forthcoming.
4. National Implementation of International Economic Law: Italy, (with C. De Stefano et al.), in T. Cottier & K. Nadakavukaren Schefer (eds.), Elgar Encyclopedia of International Economic Law. Vol. II (Edward Elgar: Cheltenham/Northampton MA, 2024), forthcoming.
5. Monitoring Compliance in International Criminal Law, in C. Voigt & C. Foster (eds.), International Courts versus Non-Compliance Mechanisms. Comparative Advantages in Strengthening Treaty Compliance (Cambridge University Press, 2024), 385-419.
6. The Foundations of International Economic Order in the Age of State Capitalism, in P. Delimatis, G. Dimitropoulos, & A. Gourgourinis (eds.), State Capitalism and Investment Law, (Hart: Oxford, 2023), 17–41.
7. Article 48. Status of Annexes and Decisions, (with M. Petri) in R. Leal-Arcas (ed.), Commentary on the Energy Charter Treaty, 2^nded., (Edward Elgar: Cheltenham UK/Northampton MA US, 2023), pp. 494-499 (rev. of the 1^st ed.).
8. Article 49. Depositary, (with M. Petri) in R. Leal-Arcas (ed.), Commentary on the Energy Charter Treaty, 2^nded., (Edward Elgar: Cheltenham/Northampton MA, 2023), 500-503 (rev. of the 1^st ed.).
9. Articles 50. Authentic Texts (with M. Petri), in R. Leal-Arcas (ed.), Commentary on the Energy Charter Treaty, 2^nded., (Edward Elgar: Cheltenham/Northampton MA, 2023), 504-507 (rev. of the 1^st ed.).
10. Enforcement of International Arbitration Awards, (with S. Silingardi) in J. Chaisse, L. Choukroune & S Jusoh (eds.) Handbook of International Investment Law and Policy, (Springer: New York City, 2020), 1475-1498.
11. Compliance and Privatization of Law Enforcement. A Study of the Italian Legislation in the Light of the US experience, (with S. Lonati), in A. Makinwa & T. Søreide (eds.), Negotiated Settlements in Bribery Cases: A Principled Approach, (Edward Elgar Publishing: Cheltenham/Northampton MA, 2020), 278-306.
12. The International Rule of Law and the Role of Transparency in the International Trading System, in R. Leal-Arcas, (ed.), The Future of International Economic Law and the Rule of Law, (Eliva Press, 2020), 25-49.
13. Article 26. Liability of Legal Persons, in C. Rose, M. Kubiciel & O. Landwehr (eds.), A Commentary on the United Nations Convention against Corruption, (Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2019), 274-286.
14. Article 60. Training and Technical Assistance in C. Rose, M. Kubiciel & O. Landwehr (eds.), A Commentary on the United Nations Convention against Corruption, (Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2019), 605-615.
15. Article 61. Collection, Exchange, and Analysis of Information on Corruption, in C. Rose, M. Kubiciel & O. Landwehr (eds.), A Commentary on the United Nations Convention against Corruption, (Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2019), 616-620.
16. Article 62. Other measures: Implementation of the Convention through Economic Development and Technical Assistance, in C. Rose, M. Kubiciel & O. Landwehr (eds.), A Commentary on the United Nations Convention against Corruption, (Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2019), 621-626.
17. The EU’s Promotion of Human Rights and Sustainable Development through PTAs as a Tool to Influence Business Regulation in Third Countries, in A. Bonfanti (ed.), Business and Human Rights in Europe: International Law Challenges, (Routledge: London, 2018), 71-83.
18. Money Laundering Regulation in the European Union, (with F. Jeske Anema), in K. J. McCarthy (ed.), The Money Laundering Market: Regulating the Criminal Economy, (Agenda Publishing: Newcastle upon Tyne, 2018), 55-85.
19. The Economics of Money Laundering, in P. Reichel & J. Albanese (eds.), Handbook of Transnational Crime and Justice. 2nd ed., (SAGE Publications: Thousand Oaks, CA, 2014), 227-243.
20. A Claim for “Soft Solutions” in Interconnecting the EU and WTO Legal System - Constitutional Issues and Implementation Exceptions: Is It Time to Lift Rigid Structures? in C. Dordi (ed.) The Direct Effect of WTO Law in the European Community Legal System and in Other Countries. (Giappichelli: Turin, 2010), 79-119.
21. Anti-Money Laundering: The Transnational Criminal Framework and Regulation, (with M. Arnone), in A. Sabitha (ed.), Combating Money Laundering. Transnational Perspectives, (ICFAI University Press: Hyderabad, 2009) 1-48.

ARTICLES IN COLLECTED VOLUMES (IN ITALIAN):

1. Il controllo internazionale tra standardizzazione, coordinamento e ‘contaminazione’, in A. Annoni, S. Forlati & F. Salerno (eds.), La codificazione nell'ordinamento internazionale ed europeo, (ES: Naples, 2019), 591-625.
2. Corruzione: Impatto sistemico e diritto internazionale, in C. Beria D’Argentine (ed) Riciclaggio e corruzione: prevenzione e controllo tra fonti interne e internazionali, (Giuffrè: Milan, 2013), 37-52.

BOOK REVIEWS (IN ENGLISH):

1. Anne Orford, International Law and the Politics of History, Cambridge University Press, 2021, XXXIII Italian Yearbook of International Law (2023), forthcoming.
2. David Kennedy, Martti Koskeniemmi, Of Law and the World. Critical Conversations on Power, History, and Political Economy, Harvard University Press, 2023, XXXIV Italian Yearbook of International Law (2024), forthcoming.

TECHCNICAL AND POLICY REPORTS (SELECTED)

1. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), State of Implementation of the United Nations Convention Against Corruption. Prevention, and Asset Recovery, Third edition, (United Nations, forthcoming)
2. WTO Reform Agenda – Confronting “Deglobalization” in the Multilateral Trading System, (with C.A. Primo Braga; G. Sacerdoti, & others), prepared for the Think20 (Official G20 engagement group, think tanks and research centres worldwide), 2022.
3. Codes of Conduct for Public Officials - GRECO Findings & Recommendations; Strasbourg, 20 March 2019, GRECO (2019)5. Prepared for the Council of Europe, GRECO (Groupe d'Etats contre la corruption/Group of States against Corruption), 20^th March 2019, available at: https://rm.coe.int/codes-of-conduct-for-public-officials-greco-findings-recommendations-p/168094256b
4. Regional. Enhancing the IDB’S Borrowing Member Countries’ Work on Transparency and Accountability. Midterm Review of the Regional Technical Cooperation “Strengthening the Integrity of Financial Systems: Improving the Capacity to Prevent Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing” (RG-2224), Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) Capital Markets and Financial Institutions Division, 2015. (The assessment report is confidential).
5. European Trade Policy and Investment Support Project MUTRAP IV Assessment of Vietnam’s Institutional and Socio-economic Progress for AEC 2015, 2015, prepared for the European Commission and the Government of Vietnam, (with J-M Philip & others).
6. Reports on Money Laundering and Tax Evasion in Greece, prepared for the Financial Integrity Group of the IMF’s Legal Department, 2012. (The reports are confidential).